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Bakshi, B. K.
- Effect of Fertilisers on Development of Endomycorrhiza in Kauri Pine (Agathis robusta)
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Indian Forester, Vol 110, No 11 (1984), Pagination: 1093-1097Abstract
The effect of mineral fertilisers and compost on the development of endomycorrhiza in Kauri pine (Agathis robusta C. Moore F.M. Bailey), an exotic species in India, was stUdied. Addition of compost to soil resulted in significant increase in plant growth and resulted in increased Endogone spore population in the substrate. Mineral fertilizer exerted a depressing effect on plant growth and Endogone spore population tven when compost was added to the substrate. Use of compost is therefore recommended in the nursery.
- Some Fungi as Wound Parasites on Indian Trees
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Indian Forester, Vol 76, No 6 (1950), Pagination: 244-253Abstract
The paper is intended to point out the dangers that arise due to maltreatments inflicted on our trees in avenues, parks and forests. Uncontrolled lopping of trees results in injuries through which fungi gain entrance into hosts. Seven such important fungi, namely, Polyporus gilvus (Schw.) Fr., Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst., Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Fomes badius Berk., Fomes rimosus Berk., Fomes senex Nees and Mont. and Fomes pini (Thore.) Lloyd., have been described as they occur in nature as well as in culture and their pathology on important Indian trees has been discussed. The fungi are major heart rotting organisms and since the sapwood is not attacked, at any rate in the early stages, the infected trees continue to live until blown down by wind. It is needless to emphasize the difficulty of replacing these wind thrown shade trees along avenues where they are subject to adverse soil, moisture and weather conditions to which they are not exposed in their natural surroundings. Decay of the heartwood causes serious loss in timber and other economic products while attack in the sapwood tones down the general vitality of the trees and they are ultimately killed. To safeguard trees from attack by wound parasites, therefore, all such malpractices should be stopped. Methods have been discussed as to how to protect trees from attack by wound parasitic fungi.- Mortality of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.
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Indian Forester, Vol 77, No 4 (1951), Pagination: 269-276Abstract
Deficiencies of water and nutrients are believed to be the causes of failure of Casuarina in the localities inspected. Trees thus weakened are, in some cases, attacked by Trichosporium vesiculosum which hastens their death. Manuring in pits prior to transplanting, deep planting and watering in the initial stages will raise a vigorous stand. Leaf litter should not be removed from the plantations. T. vesiculosum may be controlled by preventing pruning and lopping of branches, trenching and other sanitary practices.- Decay and Sap Stain of Timber, their Causes and Prevention
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Indian Forester, Vol 79, No 2 (1953), Pagination: 108-114Abstract
The paper lays down practical directions that should be followed to prevent decay and sap stain of timber from the time a tree is felled till the timber is converted. Fungi which cause decay and stain in timber usually remain active between June-July to September-October in India when the hot season coincides with the monsoon rains. Infection and subsequent growth of fungi into the wood is frequent and rapid during this period. During the remaining months of the year, the fungal activity is reduced to a minimum and the infection of wood is correspondingly reduced. Inside the wood, the fungi cannot grow if the wood is saturated with water or if the moisture content of the wood is brought below 20 per cent based on oven-dry weight of the wood. The food requirements of wood destroying and sap stain fungi and their effects on the wood are described. Methods of identifying decay and stain fungi in culture are described and the practical utilities of such determinations are stressed. Felling time should preferably be in winter when the fungus activity is minimum due to low humidity and temperature. The tree should be cut into smaller logs, barked and the surface brushed with a preservative within 48 hours after felling to give a temporary protection to the timbers. They should be quickly transported to timber yards where they may be stored completely submerged in water in log ponds or stored dry in storage yard. Hygienic methods of storage in the yard are described. Wood preservatives giving a temporary protection of logs are listed. The important role that fungi play in bringing about decay of wood has been recognized. The loss from decay in standing trees is mainly due to heart rot and to a less extent to sap rot while after conversiou, much timber in transit, storage and service is lowered in value by decay and stain, thus necessitating an increased annual cut for replacement. A considerable proportion of this loss is preventable. Prevention of heart rot in standing trees comes under tree pathology and is outside the scope of this article wruch is intended to give methods of recognizing causes of decay and sap stain and their effects on wood and to lay down brief and specific directions for minimizing losses from sap stain and decay from the time a tree is felled till the timber is finally put to service. It is felt that an insight into these problems will help our foresters and timber merchants to handle timbers safely without incurring serious losses.- Wilt Disease of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 80, No 6 (1954), Pagination: 316-322Abstract
This is the first in the series of articles dealing with the wilt disease of shisham, the localities of occurrence of the disease, its symptoms, the fungus causing wilt and its life-history, the occurrence and effects of the fungus on the host. A detailed summary is given at the end.- Wilt Disease of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 81, No 4 (1955), Pagination: 276-281Abstract
Fusarium solani, causing wilt of shisham, has been proved to be soil-borne. The fungus occurs in the form of mycelium and possibly also as spores. The saprophytic activity of the fungus in the soil has been studied.- Principles of Tree Disease Control with Reference to Indian Forests
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Indian Forester, Vol 81, No 10 (1955), Pagination: 653-657Abstract
No abstract- Diseases and Decays of Conifers in the Himalayas
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Indian Forester, Vol 81, No 12 (1955), Pagination: 779-797Abstract
Diseases of conifers caused by Fomes annosus, Armillaria mellea, Polyporus tomentosus, Fomes pinicola and Fomes robustus have been described. F. annosus and A. mellea are well known among foresters in this country. The other fungi are seldom reported though they are known to cause considerable economic losses to forests in other countries. F. annosus does not attack conifers growing in natural forests or in plantations on suitable sites but becomes parasitic on conifers particularly deodar when the latter is forced in areas unsuitable for its growth. Factors affecting the infection and severity of the disease are discussed. The occurrence, pathology, symptoms and control of the diseases due to all the above five fungi are described. The fungi are described from fruit bodies in nature and also from culture. Decay of conifers due to Lenzites sepiaria, L. striata and L. subferruginea, Poria monticola, P. rixosa, Polyporus schweinitzii and Fomes roseus are described from the point of view of their occurrence, macroscopical and microscopical features of decay in wood, sporophore and cultural characters. Fomes robustus and F. roseus are recorded for the first time in India.- New and Noteworthy Diseases of Trees in India - Diseases due to Polyporus tulipiferae, Hypoxylon ustulatum and Polyporus rubidus
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Indian Forester, Vol 82, No 9 (1956), Pagination: 449-454Abstract
No abstract- Fungal Diseases of Khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) and their Prevention
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Indian Forester, Vol 83, No 1 (1957), Pagination: 41-46Abstract
Diseases of khair (Acacia catechu) due to Fomes badius which causes heartrot and Ganoderma lucidum and Polyporus gilvus which cause ischolar_main rot are described. Of these, F. badius causes serious loss to khair by decaying the heartwood which yields cutch and katha of commerce. Khair is subjected to various injuries through which F. badius infects the trees. Some of these could be controlled like illicit lopping of branches for fodder, seed collection, etc., damage to trees due to animals like porcupines by providing a porcupine-proof fence in the plantations. Freedom from injury to khair will greatly minimise infection due to F. badius. Sporophores of the fungus which develop readily on affected trees could be easily knocked off, collected and destroyed. This will reduce the inoculum and check spread of the disease. Khair raised as a pure crop or in admixture with shisham only is more susceptible to attack not only by F. badius but also by G. lucidum and P. gilvus which are serious pathogens on shisham. To minimise the diseases due to all the three fungi it is necessary to raise khair in plantations in mixture with many species as practised in Uttar Pradesh in the present day. A list of 17 such species indicating their liability to attack by the three pathogens is given. Some of these species are resistant while others are susceptible to attack by the three fungi in various degrees. Khair should be raised in mixtures with these on a checkerboard method keeping in view the fact that susceptible species, particularly those attacked by ischolar_main parasites like G. lucidum and P. gilvus are not concentrated at one place. Working Plans should prescribe removal of all diseased trees including those below the exploitable diameter class.- Wilt Disease of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 83, No 8 (1957), Pagination: 505-511Abstract
In vitro, Fusarium solani, causing wilt of shisham, is found to survive best in sterile loam soils containing up to 20 percent moisture. The pathogen however declines rapidly with the increase in moisture percentage in the soils above this level. This fact together with the circumstantial evidence that shisham thrives well in irrigated plantations free from ischolar_main diseases suggest that the wilt diesase of shisham may be controlled in diseased areas by irrigation.- Root Diseases of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 83, No 9 (1957), Pagination: 555-558Abstract
A significant correlation has been observed between the soil texture and the incidence of ischolar_main diseases in shisham. In sand or loamy sand soils, shisham grows healthy. Root diseases which begin to manifest on shisham growing in sandy loam soils, increase to high proportion in clay loam or clay soils. In plantations of the species, soil texture should determine whether the site is suitable for shisham. No such correlation has however been found between pH of soils and disease incidence in shisham.- Heart-rots in Relation to Management of Sal
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Indian Forester, Vol 83, No 11 (1957), Pagination: 651-661Abstract
Sal (Shorea robusta) in its extensive and varying habitat in India, suffers from heart-rot due to three major fungi, namely Fomes caryophylli, Hymenochaete rubiginosa and Fomes fastuosus, which cause serious economic loss. Trees between 15 and 35 years are mostly susceptible to attack by heart-rot fungi, whose entry into trees occurs through wounds from various causes some of which are physiogenic, like fire and frost and others mechanical. Affected trees are not killed, since the living sapwood is not normally attacked by these fungi, but the merchantable heartwood is decayed and lost. Such trees may appear quite healthy and complete the normal period of rotation. The symptoms manifested by trees attacked by the three heart-rot fungi, the nature of decay caused by them and their mode of spread are described. In many cases, the external symptoms are absent on trees containing heart-rot, so that diagnosis of such trees with hidden decay becomes difficult and leads to faulty marking during fellings. To control or reduce the incidence of heart-rot in high forests, the crop should be nursed during the critical period of susceptibility by sound silviculture, which includes protection from fire injury by control burning and manipulation of the overhead canopy to prevent frost and suppression. Thinnings and selection fellings should be carried out with a view to stand-improvement. All diseased trees should be removed during fellings to prevent further loss in nett volume recovery and spread of decay to the residual crop. A second marking may be necessary after felling is completed when trees with hidden decay become evident. Such trees and also those damaged during fellings should be removed. During fellings, injury to the standing crop from falling trees should be prevented by lopping the side branches of the latter if they are many, thick and spreading. Infected stumps should not be coppiced. Standards should be selected from healthy trees free from any symptoms of heart-rot. In moribund sal, dry felling at short intervals is desirable. Felling age in forests containing high incidence of heart-rot should be lowered. The forest pathological considerations in the management of coppice sal forests in the Southern Circle, West Bengal, are separate from those stated above. These forests are worked on a technical rotation of 10 years for fuelwood. Due to continued maltreatment to which these forests were subjected in the past, the incidence of decayed stumps is high. Any attempt to raise the rotation of these forests will be disastrous since the decay will progress from the stump into the tree when the heartwood develops. High forests in these areas can be raised from seeds. The seedling crop will then replace the existing coppice, the stumps of which may be prevented from further coppicing by mechanically extracting them, or by killing them with a poison.- Mycorrhizae in Taxus baccata and Pinus wallichiana
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Indian Forester, Vol 86, No 1 (1960), Pagination: 16-17Abstract
The mycorrhizae of yew (Taxus buccuta) and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) are described. The former is typically endotrophic and the latter ectotrophic. The ischolar_main systems and the mycorrhizae in blue pine (Pinus wullichiuna) and in yew (Tuxus baccata) were studied from plants growing in natural habitat in the temperate Himalayas (alt. 7,000-10,000 ft.) in Upper Bashahr division, Himachal Pradesh State. Chaudhuri (1945) mentioned the presence of endotrophic mycorrhizae in T. buccuta but no details of the ischolar_main system and the fungal infection in the ischolar_mains were given. Anvery and Khan (1959) have recorded mycorrhizae on blue pine but give no details.- A Note on Decay Resistance of Teak, Shisham and Khair
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Indian Forester, Vol 87, No 1 (1961), Pagination: 40-41Abstract
No abstract- Heart-rot and Decay Due to Polyporus palustris
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Indian Forester, Vol 87, No 2 (1961), Pagination: 116-118Abstract
Polyporus palustris Berk. and Curt. is encountered commonly in India as causing brown cuboidal decay of wood in service, besides causing heart-rot in living Cassia nodosa. It attacks hardwoods besides conifers on which it was hitherto known. The fungus described here has been recorded for the first time in India from sporophores. P. palustris has also been studied in culture. It is heterothallic and bipolar. Polyporus palustris Berk. and Curt. has so far been known as a decay fungus on conifers only, causing brown carbonizing rot in the heartwood (Overholts, 1953). Bagchee (1954) recorded the fungus in India from culture obtained from decayed spruce. The sporophore of P. palustris had not so far been recorded in India, though we have encountered the fungus as occurring commonly in India, both on hardwoods and conifers. It causes decay of sal (Shorea robusta) and chir (Pinus roxburghii ) poles treated with creosote in service. The fungus has been also encountered as a wound parasite, causing brown cuboidal heart-rot in Cassia nodosa, resulting in wind-throw of the tree (Pl. I, fig. 4).- Fungus Flora of South Andamans
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Indian Forester, Vol 87, No 4 (1961), Pagination: 248-250Abstract
No abstract- New Records of Fomes from India
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Indian Forester, Vol 87, No 5 (1961), Pagination: 302-303Abstract
No abstract- New and Noteworthy Records of some Mildews and Rusts on Indian Trees
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Indian Forester, Vol 87, No 9 (1961), Pagination: 542-545Abstract
No abstract- Root Diseases of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) VII. Physiological Studies on the Wilt Organism, Fursarium Solani
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 5 (1959), Pagination: 310-313Abstract
No abstract- Root Diseases of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 7 (1959), Pagination: 415-421Abstract
The parasitism of Fusarium solani (Martius) Appel and Wollenweber forma dalbergiae Gordon, causing wilt in shisham was established by artificial inoculations with the fungus on shisham. All the symptoms of wilt observed in nature could be reproduced on inoculated trees.- Dying of Sal
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 10 (1959), Pagination: 585-588Abstract
Dying of sal is occurring in many localities, particularly on poor sites, throughout its range in India. Though no one cause could be ascribed, it is believed that generally dying is due to deteriorating site conditions, probably the most important single factor being lessened amount of soil moisture. A fungus Hypoxylon mediterraneum is constantly associated with dead and dying sal. The fungus is believed to be pathogenic following the loss of vigour in sal and hastens the death of trees or prevents their recovery. It is believed that improvement of site by proper silviculture will restore the health of the stands.- Water Blister in Teak
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 10 (1959), Pagination: 589-591Abstract
Water blister disease in teak is noticed in certain plantations along rivers in Nilambur, Kerala state. It is characterized by exudation of light yellow sap in large quantity from the stem near ground level. As the sap dries up, it leaves a blackish discolouration on the stem. The cause appears to be physiological. In winter when trees become leafless, transpiration is cut down. Under conditions of high temperature and soil moisture, ischolar_main pressure builds up, forcing the sap to collect in the crevice of the wood, developed as a result of shake, in increasing quantity under pressure, till it finds its release through the thin bark. Though the diseased trees are not killed they become damaged in the wood and may be removed during improvement fellings and thinnings. It is advisable to avoid planting teak in very moist sites where water blister develops.- Polyporus Shoreae Root Rot on Sal
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 11 (1959), Pagination: 656-658Abstract
A ischolar_main rot disease of sal caused by Polyprus shoreae results in top dying and death of trees in North Bengal and Assam. In many cases, the dying trees become windthrown due to ischolar_mains becoming decayed and loosing footholds in the soil. The disease is correlated with high rainfall. The fungus infects through healthy uninjured ischolar_mains, causing decay in the bark and sapwood. Heartwood is unaffected. The decay does not normally progress into the stem. Till the disease is worked out, the suggested control measures include removal of dying and dead trees and practising controlled burning to reduce soil moisture.- Guide to Foresters in Investigating Forest Diseases
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Indian Forester, Vol 85, No 12 (1959), Pagination: 731-735Abstract
Causes of forest diseases, their symptoms, effects on trees and mode of spread are described in order to enable foresters to report on them and send suitable material to the specialist for further investigation.- Field Studies on Heart-rot in Sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 89, No 1 (1963), Pagination: 1-17Abstract
No abstract- Dying of Sal. II. Role of Hypoxylon
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Indian Forester, Vol 89, No 4 (1963), Pagination: 265-268Abstract
No abstract- Mortality of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.
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Indian Forester, Vol 90, No 1 (1964), Pagination: 15-18Abstract
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., an exotic in India, and raised in plantations in Bijnor, U.P. since 1957 is dying in large numbers. The symptoms of the disease include drying up of leaves on the crown, large cankers on stem, gum veins, and false rings. The various causes, pathogenic and physiogenic, in the mortality of the species are analysed. In its native habitat in Australia E. citriodora cannot stand even slight frost, while there are records of severe frost in the Bijnor plantations during 1960-61 and 1961-62. The symptoms of the disease are likely to be caused due to frost through fire could also be a contributing factor, both of which could be ascribed as probable causes of large scale dying of the species.- Notes on Some Indian Tree Rusts
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Indian Forester, Vol 90, No 7 (1964), Pagination: 469-472Abstract
No abstract- Present Status of Chir Pine Blister Rust
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Indian Forester, Vol 90, No 10 (1964), Pagination: 695-697Abstract
No abstract- Inoculating Sal with Heart - Rot Fungi
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Indian Forester, Vol 91, No 7 (1965), Pagination: 479-480Abstract
no abstract- Mycorrhiza in Eucalypts in India
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Indian Forester, Vol 92, No 1 (1966), Pagination: 19-20Abstract
Ectotrophic mycorrhiza has been recorded in 14 species of Eucalyptus, belonging to different sections, planted as exotics in India. The fungal symbiont of the mycorrhiza is identified as Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers. Mycorrhiza was not introduced prior to plantings. The eucalypts were able to develop mycorrhiza with the fungal symbiont that may have been already present in the site. This is significant since in the success of exotics, introduction of mycorrhiza is necessary but may not be always so, if the fungal symbiont is already present in the r ew home as observed in the present investigation.- A New Root Rot Disease Complex in Teak
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Indian Forester, Vol 92, No 9 (1966), Pagination: 566-569Abstract
The outbreak of a ischolar_main-rot disease in teak in Demonstration Area, New Forest which has already been noticed (Bakshi, 1966) is now described in detail. The pathogens concerned are Polyporus zonalis Berk and Peniophora rhizoomorpho-sulphurea sp. Nov. The decay in the ischolar_mains causes wind throw of affected trees. P. rhizomorpho-sulphurea is described from sporophore and in culture. P. zonalis which causes butt and ischolar_main-rot infects trees through injury. P. rhizomorpho-sulphurea possesses an ability of intense saprophytic colonization of stumps and spreads to adjoining trees mainly through rhizomorphs. Control of the diseases in the existing stand may be obtained by stump treatment, trenching and maintaining hygienic conditions.- Anthracnose Disease of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.)its Cause, Epidemiology and Control
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Indian Forester, Vol 93, No 6 (1967), Pagination: 374-376Abstract
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) is a valuable cash crop and a foreign exchange earner. Recently, there was an epidemic outbreak of an anthracnose disease of cashew in plantations in South India. The disease kills the flush, tender twigs and inflorelcence and thus seriously affects the yield of the fruit. The symptoms of the disease consist of dark brown shiny lesions followed by resin exuclation on the affected parts. Causal organism is identified as Collelotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. And is described as it occurs in nature. The control of the disease can be secured by chemicals using Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur sprays. Spraying in the vulnerable period, quick coverage and spraying all diseased plantations, both private and government, are necessary to make any spray programme successful. The pathogen perennates on dead parts of the plant. Removal of infected parts of the plant and provision of wind breaks will also help in controlling the disease.- Mycorrhizae in Eucalyptus
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Indian Forester, Vol 93, No 11 (1967), Pagination: 756-759Abstract
Species of Eucalyptus planted extensively in India as fast growing exotic develop ectotrophic mycorrhizae of the pyramidal type. Mycorrhiza forming fungi in eucalypts are many, of which scteroderma verrucosum and S.cepa have been identified and described. Mycorrhiza developed in pure culture synthesis by using spores of S. Verrucosum. This method may be used in introducing, mycorrhiza, should this become necessary in plantings.- Natural Decay Resistance of Indian Timbers-v. Decay Resistance of Haldu (Adina cordifolia Hook.f.), Salai (Boswellia serrata Roxb), Walnut (Juglans regia Linn.), Mango (Mangifera Indica Linn.) and Bahera (Terminalia bellirica Roxb.)
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Indian Forester, Vol 94, No 8 (1968), Pagination: 609-619Abstract
Results of studies on the natural decay resistance of 5 hardwood timber species, viz., haldu (Adina cordifolia Hook. F.), salai (Boswellia serrata Roxb.), mango (Mangifera indica Linn.), walnut (Juglans regia Linn.) and bahera Terminalia bellirica Roxb.) are reported. In all the species, except walnut, true heartwood is absent or formed only rarely. All are non-resistant against wood-rotting fungi. These findings based on laboratory tests correspond closely with the performance of the species in 'grave-yard' tests.- Khair Seedling Mortality in Plantations
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Indian Forester, Vol 94, No 9 (1968), Pagination: 659-661Abstract
In plantations in the Siwalik Forest Division, U.P. State, raised on site previously occupied by scrub forests, khair seedlings suffered a mortality of 14 per cent, of which 12 per cent could be ascribed due to attack by the ischolar_main parasite, Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.) Karst. The fungus, as endemic species in the natural forests, built up in the residual stumps which served as infection centres of high inoculum potential. The decayed stumps infected khair seedlings by direct ischolar_main contact and killed them. Removal of residual stumps and ischolar_mains from trenches prior to planting in order to remove the source of infection will bring the disease incidence to the minimum.- Dothistroma blight - a Potential Threat to Pinus radiata Plantations in India
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Indian Forester, Vol 94, No 11 (1968), Pagination: 824-825Abstract
Dothistroma pini Hulbary is known to cause serious losses in exotic pine plantations especially in Pinus radiata in East Africa, New Zealand and Chile. This pathogen is now recorded new in India on 3-year old P. radiata plants in Palni Hills, Madras State. The Indian strain is identified as D. pini Hulbary var. pini and is described as it occurs in India.- Forest Tree Mycorrhiza
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Indian Forester, Vol 94, No 1 (1968), Pagination: 79-84Abstract
In forest trees, most absorbing ischolar_mains are invaded by specific non-pathogenic soil fungi forming composite structures called mycorrhizae. Physiologically, the mycorrhizae represent a case of symbiosis. These associations are broadly classified as ectotrophic, endotrophic and ectendotrophic. In forest trees, ectotrophic mycorrhizae occur in Pinus, Picea, Abies, Cedrus, Eucalyptus, Populus and Salix among others; whereas endotrophic mycorrhizae are recorded in Taxus, Podocarpus, Cupressus and Araucaria among others. Ectendotrophic type is found on beech, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine. The fungal symbionts of ectotrophic type belong mostly to Basidiomycetes and that of endotrophic type to Phycomycetes. Most of these fungi are ecologically obligate parasites; probably, they cannot survive in soil in the absence of host ischolar_mains. Mycorrhizal development is favoured under strong sunlight, adequate soil moisture, aerated and acid soils and low levels of soil fertility. Their development is retarded when conditions are otherwise.Mycorrhizae have been shown to be beneficial to tree growth as they are more efficient than non-mycorrhizal ischolar_mains in absorbing minerals in short supply. In addition, they expose a much larger total absorbing surface. This makes their presence obligatory for growth and survival of forest trees, especially exotics, under certain conditions as shown from experiences of planting failures due to lack of mycorrhiza in many countries. With large scale introduction of exotics in India, mycorrhiza is likely to play a dominant role in their establishment. When plants fail to develop mycorrhiza naturally, it may be necessary to introduce mycorrhiza for success of the species.- Natural Decay Resistance of Indian Timbers I. Introduction and Method, II. Decay Resistance of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) and Teak (Tectona grandis L.f)
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Indian Forester, Vol 93, No 5 (1967), Pagination: 305-328Abstract
Soil-block method for evaluation of natural decay resistance of timber under laboratory conditions is described in detail. Timbers are proposed to be classified into four decay resistance classes based on weight loss per cent in the blocks tested. This classification is based on the weight loss ranges as given in the U.S. Standard: ASTM: Designation: D2017-63, viz. 0-10% (very resistant), 11-24% (resistant), 25-44% (moderately resistant), and 45% and above (non-resistant), with the modification that each class is further divided into 3 sub-c1asses, to distinguish species within the main classes. Decay resistance of heartwood from 21 samples of sal ond 23 samples of teak, both from outer and the inner heartwood regions at the same radius, is tested. Sal heartwood, from outer zones, at the same radius is generally 'very resistant' (Av. Weight loss 0.20-4.19%). Some tendency towards a lesser decay resistance in the inner heartwood zone in quality class I & II sa1 is evident (weight loss 0.24-21.06%). No such difference, however, is evident in Sal trees of quality class III (weight loss 0.10-4,12%). Also, no difference in decay resistance with respect to vertical position of heartwood in the 3 trees of quality class III was noticed. Teak outer heartwood varies in decay resistance from very resistant to 'moderately resistant' (weight loss 1.98-25.63%). In older trees (age or heartwood 54-97 based on ring counts) inner heartwood is less resistant than 'outer' heartwood within the same sample. In younger trees (age of heartwood 11.47 hased on ring count.), entire heartwood of a sample is generally of the same resistance class and compares with inner heartwood of older trees. Variations in decay resistance appear to be correlated with age of trees, rate of growth and radial position of heartwood in the logs.- An Unrecorded Decay in Living Deodar
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Indian Forester, Vol 96, No 1 (1970), Pagination: 72-74Abstract
A serious butt and trunk rot in living deodar (Cadrus dendara Loudon) was recorded in a pure deodar plantation clear fel1ed in 1967 in Aleo Bihal, Manali, Kulu Forest Division, H.P. State. About 56 per cent trees and 24 per cent stumpage area showed decay. In ischolar_mains located in between boulders, cracks may have appeared due to inadequate space during their development. The decay fungus possibly entered through such injuries. Sporophores associated with decay could not be seen on fresh deodar stumps on the site clear felled in 1967 or old stumps on a similar site clear felled in 1935. The decay fungus was isolated in culture and described. In cultures, perfect fruiting bodies developed from which the fungus could be identified as Peviaphara luna Romell. The sporophores of this fungus produced in nature are present in the herbarium and were collected during earlier years on associated deodar logs showing brown, cuboidal decay. The significence of decay in deodar in cross cutting of logs to different sizes eliminating the decayed portions and also in the healthy growth of trees replanted on such bouldery sites are discussed.- Effect of Fungicides to Control Damping-off on Development of Mycorrhiza
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Indian Forester, Vol 96, No 9 (1970), Pagination: 701-703Abstract
The effect of several fungicides added to the soil to control damping-off disease in pines on the development of mycorrhiza was studied. All the fungicides had an initial retarding effect on mycorrhiza, particularly when the ischolar_mains were restricted within the treated zone. Mycorrhiza eventually developed in seedlings when their ischolar_mains penetrated beyond the treated zone, or when the toxic levels of chemicals were lowered in the treated zone in course of time. Adequate development of mycorrbiza resulted in healthy seedlings of Pinus patula with green lustre and better height growth over non-mycorrhizal seedlings which were pale and yellow.- Disease Situation in Indian forests. I. Stem Diseases of Some Exotics Due to Cortlcium Salmonlcolor & Monochaetia unicornis
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Indian Forester, Vol 96, No 11 (1970), Pagination: 826-829Abstract
Two damaging stem diseases on exotics are reported. They are the pink disease due to Corticium salmonicolor resulting in over 50 per cent mortality in 2-5 year plantations of Eucalyptus globulus in North Bengal. The fungus is also responsible for the serious twig blight in Populus casale, Casuarina montana and Podocarpus glacilior at New Forest, Dehra Dun. A serious oozing canker on stems and branches resulting in die back on 3 species of exotic cypress (Cupressus arizonica. C lusitanica and C. sempervirens) and Juniper (Jumperus procera) in New Forest is caused by Monochaetia unicornis, a new record in India. The causal organisms, hosts attacked, damage, factors predisposing plants to attack by the pathogens and control measures are described.- Target Leaf-spot Disease of Rauvolfia serpentina and its Chemical Control
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Indian Forester, Vol 97, No 8 (1971), Pagination: 487-492Abstract
At the Institute campus, plantations of Rauvolfia serpentina (Linn.) Benth. ex Kurz, a herbaceous crop of medicinal importance, suffered heavily from a leaf spot disease, caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei, whose pathogenicity was proved by inoculation experiments. Following initial screening of fungicides, fixing the dosage to be used and time of application as to whether they should be applied as prophylactic or curative, field trials were conducted using chemicals at 0.25% solution in water as prophylactic sprays applied six times at monthly intervals from June to November. Of the 4 fungicides tested in the field, only Captan proved effective in controlling the leaf spot disease resulting in significant increase in ischolar_main yield. The net increase in ischolar_main yield per acre in terms of money value was found to be about Rs. 85, Rs. 601 and Rs. 2,222 at the end of first, second and third year respectively.- Dwarf Mistletoe on Blue Pine in the Western Himalayas and its Control
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Indian Forester, Vol 97, No 9 (1971), Pagination: 547-552Abstract
Dwarf mistletoe is causing economic damage to blue pine, particularly in the low rainfall and arid locations in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir States. Dispersal of the parasite, its mode of infection, symptoms of the disease and damage to the host are described. In high level blue pine forests where incidence of infection is heavy resulting in stunted growth and mortality, it appear. Unprofitable to continue with such stands. It is suggested that such forests be carefully examined and clearfelled wherever feasible from the point of soil and moisture conservation and site maintenance and artificially regenerated. Burning after clearfelling may help regenerations in locations where the disease incidence is low, the disease may be kept in check through sanitation and its spread checked by establishment of a protective zone. These are the usual measures adopted in other countries to control dwarf mistletoe.- Studies on Silver Fir Regeneration
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Indian Forester, Vol 98, No 2 (1972), Pagination: 135-144Abstract
The problems of natural and artificial regeneration in fir, Abies pindrow Royle are discussed. The factors inimical to natural reproduction are reviewed. Field studies indicate that deep raw humus, large stand openings, and grazing are some of the important factors contributing to the failure of natural regeneration. In deep humus, the regeneration fails to establish because of poor development of ischolar_mains and mycorrhiza. Few seedlings which survive the initial years develop good ischolar_mains and mycorrhiza when the ischolar_mains reach the mineral soil beneath. Due to difficulties in natural regeneration, artificial regeneration of fir forests is engaging active attention. In the fir zone, seedlings require 3½-years to reach the transplantable height of about 22 cm. To reduce the period of growth in the nursery, it was thought that low attitude nurseries might be helpful. Results of studies conducted in one such nursery at Shamshi (H.P.) are given, and show that germination could be increased and seedling mortality could be controlled through fungicidal seed treatment. However the height growth could not be improved even after soil acidification and introduction of mycorrhiza, due possibly to the inherent slow growth in fir and also because the soil pH which was lowered by acidification did not get stabilized due to high free calcium carbonate in the soil. Seedlings with mycorrhizal ischolar_mains were healthier with green lusture and showed increase in dry weight over the control. Future line of work for the low altitude fir nurseries includes selection of suitable site with acid soils or containing low free calcium carbonate, selection of suitable seed provenance fortification of seedlings with mycorrhiza and stimulating height growth by using growth regulators.- Susceptibility of Exotic Pines to Cronartium himalayense
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Indian Forester, Vol 98, No 4 (1972), Pagination: 239-240Abstract
Peridermium himalayense, the aecial stage of Cronartium himalayense on Indian chir pine, is recorded on Canary pine (Pinus canariensis), an exotic raised under 1965 trial planlation at Ranikhet, Western Himalayas. Where the chir pine and the rust both occur. The rust on Canary pine is highly destructive causing death of affected branches and the plant. P. patula, P. michoacana, P. pseudostrobus var. tenuifolia, P. pinea, P. montezumae, P. pseudostrobus, P. taeda, P. ayacahuite, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. banksiana, P. kesiya, P. caribaea, P. elliottii and P. echinata raised in the localitly are so far free from attack due to the rust. Canary pine is planled extensively or on trial basis in many countries where Swertia may occur. The rust is likely to cause economic damage if inadvertently introduced in those countries.- Gummosis in Eucalypts
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Indian Forester, Vol 98, No 11 (1972), Pagination: 647-648Abstract
Gummosis in eucalypts is due to injury to the cambium resulting in formation of kino ducts. The injury may be caused by physiogenic, pathogenic or biotic factors. Subsequent renewed cambial activity may result in the embedding of kino in the bark, in the 'boxes' and in the wood in 'gums' thus degrading wood quality in the latter case. Gummosis may be prevented by controlling all avoidable injuries to plants.- Decay in Relation to Management of Dry Coppice Teak Forests
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Indian Forester, Vol 99, No 7 (1973), Pagination: 421-430Abstract
In dry teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) forests in Gujarat state, the present system of coppicing flush with the grouad results in about 50 percent of trees becoming decayed at the end of the rotation. The decay is present in the lower part of the trees and may extend up tn 2-4m on the stem. Any, form of felling, including coppicing, results in injuries through which decay, establishes in the stools. Such decay migrates into callus shoots and high side shoots which constitute about 80 per cent of the present crop, because of the intimate heartwood conneciion established between the shoot and the stool. Low side shoots which constitute about 20 percent of the crop, however, remain free from decay as the heartwood connention with the stool is not established. Coppice teak forests sbould therefore be managed in a way that low side shoots are encouraged to develop and constitute the ultimate crop. Low copplcing results in cutting away of dormant buds which are present at the base of the tree and thus affect the sprouting at that level affecting frequency of low side shoots. In high coppicing, development of callus shoots is inhibited due to rapid drying and shrinkage of wood at the cut surface, causing separation from the bark. Also in high felling in a dry locality, even if the upper part dies the base of the stem remains alive to encourage development of side shoots. Based on the above premises, experiments were laid down in Godhra Forest Div., Gujarat State, where coppicing was done at different heights adjusting coppicing heights from ground leve1 to 25 cm at intervals of 5 cm. Copplcing at 10-15 cm was found ideal when low side soots were encouraged while callus and high side shoots discouraged to develop. Also, at these heights, adequate number of stools with low side shoots became available to select maximum number of low side shoots evenly distributed in the stand. Cleaning in the fifth year as is currently practised may continue as both callus aud side shoots may develop with equal vigour at all ages. It is, therefore, concluded that in dry teak forests, the stool heights may be adjusted at 10-15 cm from ground level and low side shoots selected for raising a healthy coppice crop free from decay.- Confrol of Roof Disease in Plantations in Reforested Stands
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